Grammar of gzb - overview


Basic root words are by themselves nouns.  You can add suffixes to
make verbs, modifiers (adjectives/adverbs) and postpositions from
them.  Grammatical particles include a core set of spatial
postpositions; several kinds of conjunctions; general modifiers
(adverbs or adjectives, according to context); pronouns; and suffixes.

Case, number, gender, time, and aspect aren't shown by grammatical
inflection or suffix, but by postpositions & modifiers.

Grammatical roles (case) are shown always by either a postposition, or
a verb suffix.  Sentences are generally either topic-comment,
topic-role, or verb-agent-patient.  No abstract subject/object
markers, consequently no passive voice.
  
Word-order: modifiers always follow their heads, but the phrases of a
sentence (verb, agent, patient, or topic, role, comment) can come in
any order.

Verb "inflection": only three basic distinctions,

zox		   action (could be transitive or intransitive)
ca		   reflexive (transitive, with agent & patient the same)
van		   stative; alternative to adjective + comment-marker.

Examples of all verb forms with the same noun-root: {bly}, fall, orbit,
	 throwing

bly-van.
I'm falling.

bly-ca.
I'm jumping.

bly-zox raxm hxy-i veq'ty-riqm ro.
throw cat [patient] window through.
I throw the cat out of (through) the window.

({kq} "I, me" is the default agent or topic, so it isn't expressed
in the above examples.)


Time, aspect, mood, etc. optionally shown with adverbs.

mwe	      optative, imperative, subjunctive
zxoq	      negative imperative/subjunctive
be	      maybe
mje	      past
mje-cox	      future
mje-fja	      present/very recent past
de	      historical, dispassionate present tense


The topic of a topic-comment sentence and the "object" of some
agentive sentences are marked the same way.  If the verb doesn't
denote acting upon something, the topic marker rather than the patient
marker is used.

raxm miq-i pix'rax-tan nxiqn-i.
The cat [topic] is fiery [comment].

riqm-van raxm miq-i.
(I) see the cat [topic].

zxum-la-zox raxm hxy-i.
I stroke the cat [patient].

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bazaj reguloj 


Radik-specoj:

pronomoj - kq (mi), tq (vi), pq, mq (li, sxi, gxi, ili) lq (oni)

radikoj - baze substantiva, igxas verba, adverba, adjektiva kun
variaj sufiksoj.

sufiksoj - neniam trovigxas sole, kiel en E-o; tamen kelkaj morfemoj
respondaj al la E-aj sufiksoj estas cxi-lingve radikoj.  La
cxi-lingvaj sufiksoj respondas pli al la E-aj finajxoj.  Kelkaj
sufiksoj havas frazrolan econ (adjektiviga, verbiga, ktp).  Aliaj ne
sxangxas frazrolon de vorto, sed fundamente sxangxas gxian signifon
({cox, txaj, fja, fwa} kiel E-o "ne, mal, igx, ig", ekz.)

vortetoj - memstaraj vortoj konjunciaj, adverbecaj, adjektivecaj
(gxeneralaj kvantmontriloj), ktp.  Ankaux rolas kiel sufiksoj.

fraz-konjuncioj - q.v.

rolmontriloj - q.v.  Spac-tempaj postpozicioj kiuj ankaux rolas
kiel sufiksoj por formi abstrakt-rilatajn postpoziciojn.


Cxiu morfemspeco estas klare identigebla laux sia fonetika
formo.  Vokaloj identigas morfemon kiel radiko, afikso, rolmontrilo,
modifilo, ktp.

ix, eq, ax, u, y, iq            radiko
a, ox				afikso
e, oq				modifilo, vort-konjuncio
inq, onq			fraz-konjuncio
i, o, rq			rolmontrilo

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Types of root morphemes; "parts of speech"

{gzb} has its own suitable terms for the "parts of speech";
really species of root morpheme.

{gun} are content root-words; names of animals, things,
states, qualities, interesting numbers, ideas, and so forth.
{gun} contain the vowels ix, eq, ax, u, y, or iq or their
nasal forms.

{jum} are modifier root-words; they're used like adjectives
& adverbs (or articles) to change the meaning of a preceding
word, or specify which of several possible referents is meant.
They contain one of the vowels oq or e.

{nxwiqm} are pronouns.  Most are clicks or ejectives ({kq, tq}...), a few
look like {jum}, a consonant plus {e}.

{dxujm} are conjunctions.  They can have one of the oral
vowels oq or e, or the nasals inq / onq.  Generally you can tell the
nature of a {dxujm} - whether it shows truth-values, causation or
evidence, or some arithmetic operation - by its vowel.

{cqur} are spacetime postpositions.  They contain one of the
oral vowels i, o, or rq.

{pxyr} are suffixes.  They contain one of the vowels a or ox.
They become nasal if the suffix attaches to a root that
contains nasal vowels.  (Vowel harmony)




_____

Defaults


Defaults are important to gzb.  

{kq} (I, me) is the default topic/agent of a sentence.

lju-zox.
I read, am reading.

keq'pax-van.
I'm in a state of happy confusion.

This means that agentless actions & states have to be expressed
otherwise than in E-o subjectless verbs, such as "pluvas", "necesas
ke...".  If we translated those with a simple verb, that would mean "I
rain, I am necessary that...".

pwiqm miq-i bly-van.
water [topic] falls.


If a sentence contains but a verb and a topic or agent, the main
role-marker ({miq-i} or {tu-i}) can be left out.

tq twax-zox mwe.
(you) Talk!

pq zquln-van.
He's pleased with his work.


{ke} (oble de, multiplied times) is the default conjunction in
number-compounds.

cxu-dax = cxu-ke-dax 
(2 x 3 = 6)

before {dxe} (divided by), the default number is {ciq} (one).

dxe-cxu	one-half

before {se} (minus), the default number is {bax} (zero).

se-fu	negative seven

Before {me} (raised to the power of) the default number is {cxu} (two).

me-dxy   2^5 (= 32)

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Morfemordo


substantivo := radiko | substantivo + radiko | radiko + sensxangxa-sufikso
    | verbo + {toqj} |  modifilo + {toqj}
                               
verbo := substantivo + verbiga_sufikso

modifilo := modifil-partikulo | substantivo + modifiliga_sufikso

sensxangxa-sufikso := ma, zxa, txox, la, hqa, txaj, cox ...

verbiga_sufikso := zox, van, ca
 
modifiliga_sufikso := box, na, da, tan, za, 

rolmontrilo := baza_rolmontrilo | substantivo + baza_rolmontrilo
    | rol-modifilo

baza_rolmontrilo := i, o, rq, inx, onx, rnx, ...

rol-modifilo := goq, hoq, ge

fraz_konjunkcio := kinq, pwinq, sxwonq, moqn, woqn, ...

vort_konjunkcio := pe, se, ke, dxe, rej, cxe, cqe, txe, ...

rol-subfrazo := substantivo ( + modifilo ...) + rolmontrilo

frazo := verbo (+ rol-subfrazo...)

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verbs 

verboj. fraz-roloj 

Every word used as a verb must end in one of these suffixes:
Cxiu verbo, kiel uzita, finas en unu el tiuj sufiksoj:

          van	esti, ekesti en stato
          zox	agi, trafi ion
          ca	agi al, trafi sin mem
          
Tiujn postpoziciojn oni uzu por montri kiu trafas/trafatas, pri
kio temas, kion oni diras pri la temo, ktp.

          tu-i		aganto
          tu-o		ek-aganto
          tu-rq		fin-aganto
          hxy-i		trafato
          hxy-o		ek-trafato
          hxy-rq	fin-trafato
          miq-i		pri 
          miq-o		pri (ek)
          jax-i         in such a state
          jax-o 	becoming 
          jax-rq 	ceasing to be, changing from
          nxiqn-i	comment, priskribo de {miq}-temo.
          

Frazoj kiuj esperante esprimigxus per "b-o estas c-a" oni
povas cxi-lingvigi per temo/priskribo strukturo.  Uzu
rolmontrilojn {miq-i} kaj {jax-i} aux {nxiqn-i}, temo kaj
stato aux priskribo.  Ekz.

raxm miq-i pwiqm-tan jax-i.
kato [temo] malseka [stato]
cat [topic] wet [state]
La kato estas malseka.
The cat is wet.

max-baxm miq-i prym-fwa nxiqn-i.
infano [temo] belsent-iga [priskribo]
La infano estas bela.

Zorgu!  {hxy-i} ne egalas al la -n finajxo Esperanta.   Gxi indikas
nur trafato.  En Esperanto la -n objecto ofte indikas "trafato"n kiun
fakte trafas nenian agon.

Mi rigardas vin.
kax-zox tq miq-i.
= (mi) rigardas vi pri.

Jen supre {kax} (rigardi) ne estas ago, kiu sxangxas vian staton iel
ajn.  Do ni uzas la rolmontrilon {miq-i} (pri).

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vortordo

Estas iom libera, kvankam ne tiel, kiel en E-o.  La frazaj partoj -
temo, priskribo, aux aganto, trafato, verbo, oni povas lauxvole
arangxi.  Sed ene de parto, la eroj havas fiksan ordon:

substantivo adjektivo(j) verbo adverbo rolmontrilo

Ne cxiu ero devas cxeesti en cxiaj frazpartoj.

temo, aganto, trafato:
substantivo (adjectivoj (adverboj)) rolmontrilo

priskribo:

(adjektivo | verbo) ( adverbo ) rolmontrilo

verbo:

verbo (adverboj) 



Ekzemple:

gjax-nxy-cxa leq'ku-box miq-i sqiqm-cxa peq'lax-box ci nxiqn-i.
telefono blanka [temo] komputilo antikva dekstre-de [priskribo]
telephone white [topic] computer old left-of [comment].


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Participles


Use {tu, hxy} to compound participles.

lju	reading; legado
lju-zox	to read; legi
tu-lju	the person reading; leganto
hxy-lju	the thing read; legato

One can add {-box} to get adjectives/adverbs.

tu-zym-box      pensanta
hxy-bly-box     jxetita

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"auxiliary verbs"

No infinitive forms; use the base substantive form of an action-word
in the topic (or sometimes the patient) role.

runx miq-i vy-zox.
(mi) iradon [temo] volas.
(I) going [topic] intend.

raxm miq-i sunx-van henx cqax miq-ma-i.
cat [topic] knows-how not swiming [meta-topic].
A cat doesn't know how to swim.

In the last sample, the topic ({cqax}) of the verb has to be
marked differently than the topic of the sentence.
{miq-ma-i} can be used for such "meta-topics".  This isn't
an active sentence - knowing is really a relation, not an
action - so we can't show the cat and its know-how with
{tu-i} and {sunx-zox}.


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adjektivoj, adverboj; comparatives/superlatives


Adjectives are formed from root substantives by addition of
appropriate suffixes.

If the root noun denotes an abstract quality, use {-box} to form the
straightforward adjective (reverse of "-a --> -eco" in E-o).
Others can also be used.

          baxm				newness, noveco
          baxm-box			new, nova
          baxm-za			de, pri noveco
          baxm-tan			novaspekta, kvazaux nova

If the root noun denotes a concrete entity or type of entity, {-box}
wouldn't be appropriate, but others are suitable.

          raxm				cat
          raxm-za			pertaining to cats
          raxm-tan			resembling a cat
          
          pwiqm				water  (specifically its liquid form)
          pwiqm-za			of water
          pwiqm-tan			like water; liquid
          
but:

          raxm-rox			independent
          pwiqm-rox			humble

{-rox} specifies an idiomatically selected quality of the root
substantive.  Similar to "-um" in E-o - not all concrete roots have a
defined {rox}-adjective.  {-rox} is also used with some proper names, e.g.

LEqV'kraxft-rox     tending to write letters rather than take care of business

...from the name of H. P. Lovecraft.

If the root denotes an action or relation, certain other suffixes are
appropriate.

          lju				reading; legado
          lju-fwa			legiga
          lju-faj			legebla

If the root denotes a mindstate, {-fwa} describes the circumstances
that conduce to't and {-box} the person who experiences it.

          hqum				fear
          hqum-box			afraid
          hqum-fwa			terrifying
          
          prym				appreciation of beauty
          prym-fwa			beautiful
          prym-box			in awe of something beautiful

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                        Comparative/superlative


sra                 more, pli; comparative suffix (v, adj, adv) 
sra-cox             less, malpli  

hum-box			deep
hum-sra-box		deeper
hum-sra-cox-box	less deep

hum-sra-box txe	     deeper than...


As the superlative in Indo-european langs is a context variant of
comparative, don't need it here.  If need to be explicit that one is
comparing to all/many others instead of one, 

"TxAles-ram miq-i zym-sra-sox txe paxn nxin-i.
Thales was more thinkful than everyone (else).

Note that {sra} can be used with verbs & nouns, too.

"vrq'NI'teq-ram txe kq tu-i graxm-rjax-sra-zox.
Vernita than me [agent] check-email-more.
Vernita checks her email more often than me.

"AxZeqmav-ram txe "PIk-ram tu-i twax-cu-sra hxy-i kriq-zox.
Asimov than Peake [agent] book-more [patient] write
Asimov wrote more books than Peake.


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pronomoj 

simplaj personaj pronomoj estas:
          
          kq	mi/I,me
          tq	vi/you
          lq	oni/"one", "they" (generic)
          pq, mq	li, sxi, ili, si/he, she, they, etc.
          
          
"ni" povas esti esprimita per:
"we" could be expressed by:

{kq pe tq}, mallonge {kq-tq}
aux:
{kq pe pq}, mallonge {kq-pq}

One could add postpositions to show sentence role, or gender,
number, time, animacy etc. markers, if necessary to clarify which
of previously-mentioned nouns is intended.

{pq} points backward to a previously mentioned person or group,
{mq} forward to somone(s) not already mentioned by name.

Also note various that words formed with -koq, -toq, -poq clitics are
demonstrative pronouns.  (Kiel "tiu, cxi tiu" en Esperanto.)


Kiam {kq} estas temo aux aganto  de frazo, oni povas forlasi gxin.


                      ne-personaj pronomoj:

ce	tio; anstatauxas subfrazon, fakton, eventon
re	tie; anstatauxas lok-nomon


Ekzemploj de specifiga uzo de pronomoj:

!tq paxn tu-i runx-zox mwe mrunq on.
Vi cxiuj iru al la monto.


mq sroq sxy tu-o sxaxj-zox vlym baxm-box hxy-o.
ri pluraj inaj [ekaganto] havi vestojn novajn [ekagato]
Ili (inaj) ekhavas vestojn novajn.



tix'sqax-zox kq mje tu-i zxy-keq'gxu miq-i.
adoras mi (pasinta) [aganto] misteron [temo]
t.e., la malnova mi adoras misteron - ne sama kiel 

tix'sqax-zox mje kq tu-i zxy-keq'gxu miq-i.
adoris mi misteron.

La unua formo kontrastas la nunan min, mian mion, kun la malnova
mi, ulo kun kiu mi ne plu tute samidentas.

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conjunctions / ligvortoj, interigiloj 

Tiu cxi lingvo havas kvar specojn de ligvortoj.  

Unu ligas du (sub)frazojn (PAG: propozicio, angle: clause) kaj montras
relativan veron aux malveron de ili.  Ili uzigxas interalie por
traduki la "kaj" en "Mi venos kaj li venos", "aux" en "Mi mangxos kun
vi aux mi mangxos sole."

Dua ligas du veraj subfrazojn kaj montras ilian kial-rilaton (kiel "do,
cxar, tamen, kvankam" en Esperanto).  Tio okazas, cxar / do / tamen /
kvankam jeno okazis.

Tria ligas du frazetoj (angle: phrase) kaj montras kaj'econ, kaj
krom'econ.  Tiuj uzigxas por traduki la "kaj" en "Mi kaj li iros",
 "Mi mangxas kaj legas", "Sxi havas libron kaj skribilon."

Kvara konsistas en apartaj vortetoj respondaj al la esperantaj "se,
cxu, ke" kaj simile.

La unuaj du specoj formigxas kiel la Esperantaj tabelvortoj.

vertabelo havas kvar pozicioj:
a truth-table has four rows:

nova:
malsekva	sekva	logik-funcio
frazo		frazo	
T		T	sx=TT, k=TF, p=FT, f=FF
T		F 	
F		T	w=T, _=F 
F		F	onq=T, inq=F

Do, por logik-funkcio "kaj" kies tria kolumno estus "TFFF" (vera kiam 
ambaux frazoj veras, malvera se iu aux ambaux malveras), oni elektas
k (TF) + nenio (F) + inq (F), do {kinq}.  

Jen kelkaj el la plej konsekvencaj, utilaj:

kinq	   and - TFFF 

sxwinq	   or (inclusive) - TTTF 

pwinq	   or (exclusive) - FTTF

fonq	   neither/nor - FFFT

konq	   equivalence; egalkaj; kaj/nek; subfrazoj samveras aux same
           malveras TFFT

kwonq	      implication; if the first is true, the second must be, but
                the first isn't necessarily true and the second might
                be in either case.
		TFTT

Kialmontriloj:

jq
sx	    n
w  +  oq +  j
m

sx-	logika kauxzo		(do, cxar)
w-	efektiva kauxzo		(do, cxar)
jq-	evidento		(do, ...)
m-	ne-malkauxzo		(tamen, kvankam)
-oqn	1, do (tamen) 2
-oqj	1, cxar (kvankam) 2

Ekzemploj:
cxu pe dxy txe fy miq-i saxm-van, sxoqn fy se dxy txe cxu miq-i saxm-van.
2 + 5 = 7, do(logike) 7 - 5 = 2.

lju-sox nxiqn-i, woqn kaxj-zox twax-cu-vuj sroq-zxa hxy-i.
legema [priskribo] (mi [temo]), do(efektive) (mi) acxetas 
       libroj kelk-eg-aj [trafo].
Mi estas legema, do mi acxetas multajn librojn.

zym-zox, jqoqn biqnx-van.
pensas, do(evidente) ekzistas.
Mi pensas, do mi estas.

La matematika rilato estas certa; la legemo nur versxajne kauxzas
libracxeto; la penso ne kauxzas la eston, sed estas evidento de gxi.

La {-oqj} formoj renversas la vortordo, ekz.:

raxm miq-i pwiq-cox-van, woqj pq miq-i pwiqm-da nxiqn-i,
kato [temo] mizeras, cxar gxi [temo] malseka [priskribo]
La kato estas mizera cxar gxi estas malseka.

{moqn, moqj} respondas al la E-o "tamen, kvankam".

helenike-ram miq-i sunx-zox henx, moqn kun-hqoxw-ca mje.
Mi ne povas la grekan, tamen mi iam provis memlerni gxin.

La frazet-konjuncioj estas laux la aritmetikaj konjuncioj:

pe	plus (inter nombroj); kaj (inter frazetoj)
se	minus (inter nombroj); krom (inter frazetoj)
ke	multiplied by  (emfaza, kunlabora kaj)
dxe	divided by    (kontrasta kaj)
me	exponentiation   (not sure of its phrasal use yet...)


ekz.:

mq sxy pe kq tu-i vax-onx-zox.
she and I [agent] eat.
We ate together.

mq sxy ke kq miq-i req'jxy ke req'jxy-txaj jax-i.
she [mult-and] I [topic] wife and husband [comment]
We are married.

mq dxe kq miq-i liqm-cox-van.
sxi kaj-kontraste mi [temo] malamikas
Ni malamikas.

{dxe} often used to show reciprocal as opposed to reflexive
action with multiple subjects.  The verb-suffix {-ca} (reflexive) is
used in both cases.

gjax-ca pq tu-i. 
Li parolas al si.

gjax-ca pq sroq tu-i.
Ili parolas al si.

gjax-ca pq dxe pq tu-i.
Ili parolas unu al la alia.



Aliaj ligvortoj:

{hoqnx} enkondukas subfrazon sen kialmontro, kiel "ke"

{be} enkondukas se-subfrazon

{pxoq} enkondukas citajxon.

twax-zox hoqnx pq runx-zox.
Mi diris, ke li iras.

twax-zox pxoq {pq runx-zox}.
Mi diris "Li iras."





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Postpostions | rolmontriloj 

elements

The core postpositions are 

          i	at, in, with; during
          rq	from, out of; since
          o	to, toward; until

One can make them more specific with various other monophonemic
morphemes prefixed (for orientation) or suffixed (for nearness or
insideness).

being near, far or inside:
          m	in (part of)
          nx	in (contained by)
          n	touching the outside of
	  j	near
	  r	far from

So, for instance,

	  inx	inside
	  onx	into
	  rqnx	out of
	  im	part of
	  oj	toward but not (yet) at


These morphemes show orientation about a center:

          Relative:
          
          v	in front of
          h	behind
          
          jx	right
          c	left
          
          k	throughout, between
          cx	all around 
          r 	at, to, from the other side of
          l	at, to, from  this side of
          

          
          Absolute:
          
          s	above
          tx	below
          (well, absolute when one's in a gravity field (relative
          to dir of grav) and relative when one's in free fall
          (relative to axis of one's body)
          
          b	north
          hq	south
          zx	west
          g	east

	  sq	after (time)
	  dx	before (time)
          
The total possibles are:
17 * 3 * 5 = 255



                  Example spatial postpositions:


sij	above
sin	on 
sinx	in the upper part of 
	(rix'max sinx peq'pax-daj, papers in my attic)
sim 	in the upper part of 
	(kq sim sqiqm-nxiqw, my brain)
so	going above
son	onto
srqn	off of

txij	under (not touching)
txin	under (touching)

txo 	going under
txrq 	from under
txonx 	into through a low entrance

jxi 	on the right side of
ci 	on the right side of

vi 	antaux
hi 	malantaux
hinx 	en la antauxa parto de
vrq 	el antauxo
vo 	al antauxo

ki 	tra
ko	en cxiun parton de

ri	preter
ro	trans
rrq	maltrans; de l'alia flanko al tiun cxi

li	cxi-flanke
lo	maltrans
lrq	trans

cxi 	cxirkaux
cxim 	estante la suprajxo, eksterajxo de
cxrq 	disde
cxo 	al cxiu flanko
cxonx 	enen de cxiu direkto

zxi 	on the west side of
hqrq 	southward from

i[nx]	dum, kiam, tiam
dxo[n]	gxis, antauxe ol 
sqrq	ekde, malgxis, poste kiam 

sqi	post
dxi	antaux


nu-inx		je tiu momento
viqj-inx	dum tiu dauxro
nu-sxin		tuj post tiu momento
viqj-i		iam post tiu dauxro

Abstraktajn rilatojn montru per rolmontriloj formita kun {i, o,
rq} aldona al rilat-radiko.

tu-i	aganto
sxu-i	de (eco)
sxaxj-i	de (posedo)
liqm-i	de (famili-rilato)
daxm-rq	de (auxtoro)
miq-i   pri; montras temon
nxiqn-i komente

ktp.


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"tabelvortoj"; uzo de demandaj, konjunciaj, difinilaj sufiksoj  

La demandvortoj kaj difiniloj formatas simile kiel en Esperanto,
kun sufiksoj anstataux la prefiksoj ki-, ti-, neni-, cxi-, i- de la E-o
tabelvortoj.  Kaj la klaso de eblaj vortoj pli largxas cxar al iu
ajn radiko oni povas afiksi tiujn difinilojn k.s.


                           kiu/tiu-eco:

demandvortoj  (kiu venas?) {noq}

interigiloj (la homo kiu venas) {loq}

tiu-aj vortoj en unua, dua, tria persono

1: cxi tiu libro cxe mi	{koq}
2: tiu libro kiun vi havas  	{toq}
3: tiu libro for de ni	{poq}

                                 
Ekzemploj:

kiu?		{max-noq}
kiu (homo)...	{max-loq}
kiu libro?	{twax-cu-noq}
kiom?		{sroq-noq}
kiel?		{ru-noq}
kia faro?		{rynq-noq}
kion fari?	{rynq-zox-noq}
kiel li trafas sin? {rynq-ca-noq}
tiu fora kato	{raxm-poq}


La kvant-difinilojn (kiel "iu, cxiu, neniu," k.s.) oni montras kun
kvant-radikoj kiuj estas simila al nombroj; oni simple sufiksas
ilin al la vorto.

max-pen		cxiu(j)
max-bax		neniu homo
max-kwoq	iu(j) homo(j)


tabelo de tiu-aj vortoj 

kiu, kio (demando)               noq      
kiu, kio (interilo)              loq      

tiu, tio (cxe mi)                koq      
tiu, tio (cxe vi)                toq      
tiu, tio (for de ni)             poq      
tiu alia			 jqoq

-----

questions


Normal order for topic/comment sentences is topic, then comment, but
for questions we put the "comment" first & make it a question-phrase.

?tyn-noq nxiqn-i vax-rqnx-kox miq-i.
loko-kiu? [priskribo] el-digestsistem-ejo [temo]
kie estas la necesejo?
Where is the restroom?

Por cxu-demandoj oni metas la verbon unue kaj tuj post gxi la
cxu-partikulo {zoqn}.  (Mi deziras konservi la postmetemon de la
lingvo, sen igi gxin tia, kia estas la germana kaj japana, kie oni
ofte devas atendi gxis fino por scii cxu iu demandas aux asertas.)

?runx-zox zoqn tq tu-i pwiqm-daj-pjylm o.
iras [cxu] vi [aganto] akv-amas-bordo [al]?
Cxu vi iras al la marbordo?





* Relative clauses 


Relative clauses usually come after a pronoun or
demonstrative.  The relative {loq}-word needs a role-marker
if a noun.
 

          zxy-fwa nxin-i mq miq-i, max-loq tu-i runx-zox
          "SpAxk'to'vij'eq-ram rq
          
          trippy [comment] he/she [topic], who [actor] come
          Spactovia from

          
          nu-loq kq tu-i vax-onx-zox, nu-koq lju-zox.
          
          when I [agent] eat, then (I) read.


...




* Logic clitics, other misc particles

There are several particles and clitics that change the sense in which
a word or phrase is intended.  Like other modifiers, they're
postpositional.

voqm		yes, certainly
henx		no, not
fjoq		yes and no
sqe		yes or no

These express one's certainty about something being true or false,
real or unreal.  {sqe} expresses uncertainty whether some formulation
is valid or not, {fjoq} a certainty that its object is valid to some
degree, but not totally.

biqnx-van voqm.
I certainly exist.

sxy-van henx.
I'm not female.

raxm miq-i zunq-cox-box sqe nxiqn-i.
The cat might be dead.

*tq miq-i kq o liqm fjoq nxiqn-i.  
You are to some degree my friend.
({liqm} is a very strong word; the speaker probably would not feel a
need for such qualification with {kuln}.  The incompleteness here is
probably of intimacy, not friendliness.)

In the above sentences, the particles modify a whole verb or comment
phrase.  They can also be clitic'd to a word and used within a phrase.

raxm-voqm tu-i vax-onx-zox kjiq hxy-i.
The definitely-cat eats a mouse.

The negative particle especially is often used ironically:

{diq-henx-van}, twax-zox mq tu-i, max-loq hxy-i vax-onx-zox
pxiqlm-gxiq-zxa tu-i.

"This is not pleasant," said the person who was being eaten by the
giant butterfly. 


There are also subjunctive words for "yes" and "no", expressing one's
desire more than the worldstate.  They're used for imperatives as well.

mwe	    yes, must be
zxoq	    no, mustn't be

twax-zox mwe pq miq-i.
I should tell you about that.

runx-zox zxoq pq o.
I shouldn't  go there.

{*pxiqlm-van zxoq.}, twax-zox sunx-keq'gxu-tla gjax-o.
"I don't want to be a butterfly!" I said to the sorcerer.


----------
Conditionals with {boq} & {cxoq} (if)

{boq} is used to close a conditional phrase or clause.  It's often
used with the why-conjunctions {woqn, jqoqn, ...}, or as alternative
to {kwonq} (the implication conjunction).  It refers to an abstract
condition or is used in questioning an unknown condition.

pxiqlm miq-i riqm-zox boq, woqn prym-van.
butterfly [topic] see-[v.act] if, then beauty-sense-[v.state]

gjax miq-i sunx jax-o sru-zox boq, sxoqn hyw-o-ca kinq pq miq-i gjax-zox mwe.
language [topic] know-how [state-to] want-[v.act] if, then
know-to-[v.reflexive] and it [topic] speak-[v.act] [must].
If you want to be fluent in a language you must study & speak it.

?tyn noq o runx-tq-zox, runx boq.
place [question] to go-you-[v.act], go if?
Where are you going -- if you're going anywhere?


{cxoq} closes a counterfactual conditional - one knows such isn't the
case, but if it were, then...

suomen-ram miq-i sunx-zox cxoq, woqn kaxj-zox kq sxaxj-o twax-cu-vuj
"kalevala-ram hxy-i.
If I were fluent in Finnish, I would buy a paper copy of the Kalevala.

Compare {be} in the same context: 

suomen-ram miq-i sunx-zox be, woqn kaxj-zox kq sxaxj-o twax-cu-vuj
"kalevala-ram hxy-i.
When I become fluent in Finnish (which may or mayn't ever happen), I will buy
a paper copy of the Kalevala.